Pressure and temperature sensors and related methods

ABSTRACT

A sensor includes an airfoil body, a heater element, and a temperature probe. The airfoil body defines a sensor axis, an insulating cavity, and extends between a leading edge and a trailing edge of the airfoil body. The heater element extends axially within the airfoil body and is positioned between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body. The temperature probe extends axially within the airfoil body, is positioned between the heater element and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, and is separated from the heater element by the insulating cavity to limit thermal communication between the temperature probe and the heater element. Gas turbine engines, methods of making sensors, and methods of thermally separating temperature probes and heater elements in sensors are also described.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to pressure and temperature sensing, and more particularly to pressure and temperature sensing in icing conditions.

Gas turbine engines, such as on aircraft, commonly employ sensors to measure parameters that influence engine performance. For example, temperature sensors are employed to measure temperature of air entering the compressor section of the gas turbine engine. Pressure sensors are employed to measure pressure of air entering the compressor section of the gas turbine engine. Such sensors are generally positioned in the airstream traversing the engine and are exposed to the external environment.

In some operating environments, such as during flight in icing conditions, temperature and pressure sensors can be exposed to ice and/or super-cooled moisture entrained within the airstream traversing the engine. The ice and/or super-cooled moisture can interrupt operation of some sensors, such as when ice is ingested by the sensor and/or when ice accretes on the sensor structure. And while heating can be employed to counter to ice crystal ingestion and/or ice accretion, heating can introduce error into temperature measurements provided by the sensor.

Such systems and methods have generally been acceptable for their intended purpose. However, there remains a need for improved sensors, gas turbine engines, methods of making sensors, and methods to thermally separating temperature probes from heater elements in pressure and temperature sensors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

A sensor is provided. The sensor includes an airfoil body, a heater element, and a temperature probe. The airfoil body defines a sensor axis and an insulating cavity and extends between a leading edge and a trailing edge of the airfoil body. The heater element extends axially within the airfoil body and is positioned between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body. The temperature probe extends axially within the airfoil body, is positioned between the heater element and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, and is separated from the heater element by the insulating cavity to limit thermal communication between the temperature probe and the heater element.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body has a tip surface extending to the trailing edge of the airfoil body.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the tip surface of the airfoil body defines an insulating cavity inlet that is fluidly coupled to the insulating cavity.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body has a first face extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, the first face defining a first face first outlet vent, and that the first face first outlet vent is fluidly coupled to the insulating cavity.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body has a second face extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, the second face defining a second face first outlet vent, and that the second face first outlet vent is fluidly coupled to the insulating cavity.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body has an ice accretion feature extending between the tip surface and the leading edge of the air foil body, the ice accretion feature axially overlapping the leading edge of the airfoil body.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body defines a temperature sense chamber between the insulating cavity and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, and that the temperature probe extends into the temperature sense chamber.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body has a tip surface extending to the trailing edge of the airfoil body, the tip surface defining tip surface aperture, and that the tip surface aperture is fluidly coupled to the temperature sense chamber.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body has a first face extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, the first face defining a first face aperture, and that the temperature sense chamber is fluidly coupled to the external environment through the first face aperture.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body has a second face extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, the second face defining a second face aperture, and that the temperature sense chamber is fluidly coupled to the external environment through the second face aperture.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body has a tip surface defining therein a scoop feature, the scoop feature axially overlaying the temperature probe and the insulating cavity.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body has an ice accretion feature arranged between the scoop feature and the leading edge of the airfoil body.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the scoop feature terminates at a tip surface aperture, wherein the tip surface aperture fluidly couples the scoop feature to the temperature probe.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the scoop feature spans an insulating cavity inlet defined by the tip surface of the airfoil body, and that the insulating cavity inlet fluidly couples the scoop feature to the insulating cavity.

A gas turbine engine is also provided. The gas turbine engine includes a compressor section with a compressor inlet; a combustor section in fluid communication with the compressor section; a turbine section in fluid communication with the combustor section; and a sensor as describe above, the sensor being a P2T2 sensor supported within the compressor inlet of the gas turbine engine.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body has a tip surface extending to the trailing edge of the airfoil body, that the airfoil body defines a temperature sense chamber between the insulating cavity and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, and that the temperature probe extends into the temperature sense chamber.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body defines a temperature sense chamber between the insulating cavity and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, that the temperature probe extends into the temperature sense chamber, and that the airfoil body has a tip surface defining therein a scoop feature, the scoop feature axially overlaying the temperature probe and the insulating cavity.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative, further examples of the sensor may include that the airfoil body has a tip surface defining therein a scoop feature, that the scoop feature axially overlays the temperature probe and the insulating cavity, and that the tip surface extends to the trailing edge of the airfoil body.

A method of making a sensor includes forming an airfoil body defining a sensor axis and an insulating cavity using an additive manufacturing technique, the airfoil body extending between a leading edge and a trailing edge of the airfoil body, using an additive manufacturing technique, forming the airfoil body including defining a heater element seat extending axially through the airfoil body between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, and forming the airfoil body including defining a temperature probe seat extending axially through the airfoil body between the insulating cavity and the trailing edge of the airfoil body. The method also includes positioning a heater element within the heater element seat and positioning a temperature probe within the temperature probe seat.

A method of thermally separating a temperature probe from a heater element is additionally provided. The method includes, at a sensor as described above, heating the leading edge of the airfoil body with the heater element; thermally separating the temperature probe from the heater element by flowing fluid from the environment external to the sensor through the insulating cavity; flowing further fluid from the environment external to the sensor across the temperature probe; and measuring temperature of the fluid flowing across the temperature probe with the temperature probe.

Technical effects of the present disclosure include providing sensors with the capability to thermally separate a temperature probe positioned within the sensor from a heater element positioned within the sensor. In certain examples the present disclosure provides the capability to heat the during operation in icing conditions and provide temperature measurements with limited (and in certain examples) no measurement error due to operation of the heater element. In accordance with certain examples the sensors described herein have the capability to shunt air heated by a heater element through the airfoil body of the sensor, limiting communication of heated air to the temperature probe of the sensor. In accordance with certain examples sensors described herein have the capability to separate, impound, and melt ice crystals ingested within the sensor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following descriptions should not be considered limiting in any way. With reference to the accompanying drawings, like elements are numbered alike:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a sensor constructed in accordance with the present disclosure, showing a gas turbine engine with a pressure and temperature sensor supported within a compressor inlet of the gas turbine engine;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the sensor of FIG. 1 according to an example, showing a mount and an airfoil body of the sensor;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the sensor of FIG. 1 according to the example, showing a pressure channel defined chordwise between a heater element seat and a temperature probe within the airfoil body of the sensor;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side view of the sensor of FIG. 1 according to the example, showing a pressure conduit seated within the pressure channel defined within the airfoil body;

FIG. 5 is another side view of a portion of the sensor of FIG. 1 according to the example, showing a second face of the blade body defining a second face outlet vent fluidly coupled to tip surface aperture at a location forward of the temperature probe and temperature sense chamber;

FIGS. 6 and 7 are cross-sectional views of a portion of the sensor of FIG. 1 according to the example, showing an inlet segment of the pressure channel connecting a pressure inlet to the expansion chamber within the airfoil body;

FIGS. 8 and 9 are perspective views of a portion of the sensor of FIG. 1 according to the example, showing inlet vents and outlet vents of the insulating cavity in faces of the airfoil body connected to tip surface inlet of the insulating cavity;

FIGS. 10 and 11 are perspective and partial perspective views of the sensor of FIG. 1 according to the example, showing an ice accretion feature extending from the tip surface of the airfoil body of the sensor;

FIGS. 12-14 are perspective views of the sensor of FIG. 1 according to an example of the sensor without the ice accretion feature, showing ice accretion initiating at a location aft of the leading edge and growing toward the leading edge of the airfoil body;

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the sensor of FIG. 1 according to the example, showing ice accreting from a location proximate the leading edge of the airfoil body;

FIGS. 16 and 17 are partial front view of the sensor of FIG. 1 according the first and a second example, showing ice accretion features with a fin-like body and a spherical body, respectively;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of a method of making sensor in accordance with the present disclosure, showing operations of the method according to an illustrative and non-limiting example of the method; and

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of a method of thermally partitioning a sensor in accordance with the present disclosure, showing operations of the method according to an illustrative and non-limiting example of the method.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made to the drawings wherein like reference numerals identify similar structural features or aspects of the subject disclosure. For purposes of explanation and illustration, and not limitation, a partial view of a sensor 100 in accordance with the disclosure is shown in FIG. 1 and is designated generally by reference character 100. Other embodiments of sensors, gas turbine engines, methods of making sensors, and methods of thermally separating temperature probes from heater elements in pressure and temperature sensors are provided in FIGS. 2-19, as will be described. The sensors and related methods described herein can be used for measuring pressure and temperature of air using sensors exposed to icing conditions, such as in P2T2 probes on aircraft, though the present disclosure is not limited to P2T2 probes or to pressure and temperature sensing on aircraft in general.

Referring to FIG. 1, an aircraft 10 is shown. The aircraft 10 includes a gas turbine engine 12 and the pressure and temperature sensor 100. The gas turbine engine 12 includes a compressor section 14, a combustor section 16, a turbine section 18 and an engine controller 20. The compressor section 14 has a compressor inlet 22 and is arranged to compress an ambient air flow 24 ingested from the external environment 26 to generate a compressed air flow 28. The combustor section 16 is fluidly coupled to the compressor section 14 and is arranged to generate a high-pressure combustion product flow 30 using the compressed air flow 28. The turbine section 18 is fluidly coupled to the combustor section 16 and is arranged to extract work from the high-pressure combustion product flow 30 as the high-pressure combustion product flow 30 traverses the turbine section 18. In certain examples the gas turbine engine 12 is an aircraft main engine. In accordance with certain examples the gas turbine engine 12 is an auxiliary power unit for an aircraft.

The pressure and temperature sensor 100 is seated within the compressor inlet 22 of the compressor section 14 of the gas turbine engine 12 and is in communication with the engine controller 20 to provide pressure and temperature information to the engine controller 20. In certain examples a pressure transducer 32 couples the pressure and temperature sensor 100 to the engine controller 20 to generate a pressure signal 34 indicating pressure of the ambient air flow 24. In accordance with certain examples a temperature transducer 36 couples the pressure and temperature sensor 100 to the engine controller 20 to generate a temperature signal 38 indicating temperature of the ambient air flow 24. It is contemplated that the pressure and temperature sensor 100 can be a total pressure and a total temperature sensor 100, e.g., a P2T2 sensor fixed to the gas turbine 12 to measure compressor (or fan) inlet pressure and temperature or a P25T25 sensor fixed to the gas turbine engine 12 to measure pressure and temperature at a location fluidly between low-pressure and high-pressure segments of compressor section 14.

The engine controller 20 is programmed to monitor pressure and/or temperature of the ambient air flow 24 using the pressure signal 34 and/or temperature signal 38. It is also contemplated that the engine controller 20 be programmed to control operation of the gas turbine engine 12 using the pressure signal 34 and/or temperature signal 38. In certain examples the engine controller 20 includes a full-authority digital engine controller (FADEC) device.

As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art in view of the present disclosure, the ambient air flow 24 can contain entrained ice crystals and/or super-cooled moisture 40. As will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art in view of the present disclosure, entrained ice crystals and/or super-cooled moisture can interfere with operation of the pressure and temperature sensor 100. For example, ice crystals entrained within the ambient air flow 24 can potentially interrupt communication of pressure of the ambient air flow 24 to the engine control and/or introduce anomalies into the pressure signal and/or temperature signal generated by the pressure and temperature sensor 100. Super-cooled moisture entrained within the ambient air flow 24 can also cause ice accretion within and on the exterior of the pressure and temperature sensor 100, such as during flight of the aircraft 10 in icing conditions, potentially also interrupt communication of pressure of the ambient air flow 24 to the engine control and/or introduce anomalies into the pressure signal and/or temperature signal generated by the pressure and temperature sensor 100. To limit (or prevent entirely) interruption and/or measurement anomalies the pressure and temperature sensor 100 is provided with one or more ice protection features, as will be described.

With reference to FIGS. 2-7, the pressure and temperature sensor 100 is shown. As shown in FIG. 2, the pressure and temperature sensor 100 includes a mount 102 and an airfoil body 104. The mount 102 has a fluid fitting 106, an electrical connector 108, a flange portion 110 and a pedestal portion 112. The fluid fitting 106 and the electrical connector 108 are seated to the mount a side the flange portion 110 opposite the airfoil body 104. The flange portion 110 has a fastener pattern 113 defined therethrough for fixation of the pressure and temperature sensor 100 within the compressor inlet 22 (shown in FIG. 1) of the compressor section 14 (shown in FIG. 1). The pedestal portion 112 extends from the flange portion 110 in a direction opposite both the fluid fitting 106 and the electrical connector 108. The airfoil body 104 is fixed with the pedestal portion 112.

The airfoil body 104 extends axially from the mount 102, defines a sensor axis 114, and has a leading edge 116, a trailing edge 118, a first face 120, a second face 122 and a tip surface 124. The first face 120 extends between the leading edge 116 and the trailing edge 118 of the airfoil body 104 and faces in a direction opposite that of the electrical connector 108. The second face 122 extends between the leading edge 116 and the trailing edge 118 of the airfoil body 104 and faces in a direction opposite that of the fluid fitting 106. The tip surface 124 axially spans the leading edge 116 and the trailing edge 118, laterally spans the first face 120 and the second face 122 and intersects the sensor axis 114. In certain examples the airfoil body 104 defines the sensor axis 114.

As shown in FIG. 3, the airfoil body 104 has pressure inlet 126. The airfoil body 104 also defines a heater element seat 128 and a pressure channel 130 within its interior. The pressure inlet 126 is arranged on the leading edge 116 of the airfoil body 104 and is in fluid communication with the pressure channel 130. The heater element seat 128 is defined chordwise between the leading edge 116 of the airfoil body 104 and the trailing edge 118 of the airfoil body 104, extends from the mount 102 and axially within the airfoil body 104, and has a heater element seat terminus 132 located axially between the pressure inlet 126 and the tip surface 124 of the airfoil body 104. A heater element 134 is positioned within the heater element seat 128 and is electrically connected by a heater element lead 136 (shown in FIG. 4) to the electrical connector 108 for heating a heated portion 138 of the airfoil body 104. In certain examples the heater element seat terminus 132 is arranged within the ice accretion feature 192.

As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the pressure channel 130 is defined along the chord of the airfoil body 104 between the heater element seat 128 and the trailing edge 118 of the airfoil body 104 and includes an outlet segment 140 and an expansion chamber 142. The outlet segment 140 extends axially within the airfoil body 104 and seats therein a pressure conduit 144. The pressure conduit 144 extends from the airfoil body 104 through the mount 102 to the fluid fitting 106 (shown in FIG. 2), and therethrough fluidly couples the outlet segment 140 of the pressure channel 130 with the pressure transducer 32 (shown in FIG. 1). As also shown in FIG. 4, an ice accretion feature terminus 105 is located chordwise between the heater element 134 and the temperature probe 158.

As shown in FIG. 5, the expansion chamber 142 extends axially within the airfoil body 104 between a first end 146 and a second end 148 within the airfoil body 104. Between the first end 146 and the second end 148 the expansion chamber 142 defines an expansion chamber flow area 150 (shown in FIG. 7). It is contemplated that the expansion chamber flow area 150 be larger than an outlet segment flow area 153 (shown in FIG. 7) to slow the velocity of air flowing through the expansion chamber 142 relative velocity of air flowing through the outlet segment 140. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art in view of the present disclosure, slowing velocity of air flowing through the expansion chamber 142 limits the capability of the air to carry entrained ice crystals and/or super-cooled moisture 40 to the outlet segment 140. Slowing air velocity entrained ice crystals to separate from the air within the expansion chamber 142, the entrained ice collecting at the second end 148 of the expansion chamber 142 for melting using heat generated by the heater element 134 (shown in FIG. 7). Separation, collection, and melting of ice crystals entrained within air entering the airfoil body 104 reduces (or eliminates entirely) the probability that the entrained ice interrupts and induces anomalies into the pressure signal 34 (shown in FIG. 1) generated by the pressure transducer 32 (shown in FIG. 1).

As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the pressure channel 130 also includes an inlet segment 152. The inlet segment 152 fluidly couples the pressure inlet 126 to the expansion chamber 142. More specifically, the inlet segment 152 traces an arcuate path 154 chordwise along the airfoil body 104 between the pressure inlet 126 and the second end 148 (shown in FIG. 5) of the expansion chamber 142. The arcuate path 154 extends laterally between the heater element seat 128 and the first face 120 of the airfoil body 104 such that air traversing the inlet segment 152 passes in close proximity to the heater element 134. Close proximity between the air and the heater element 134 increases likelihood that ice entrained within the air melts prior to arriving at the second end 148 of the expansion chamber 142, also reducing (or eliminating entirely) that the entrained ice interrupts and induces anomalies into the pressure signal 34 (shown in FIG. 1) generated by the pressure transducer 32 (shown in FIG. 1). It is contemplated that the inlet segment 152 be substantially orthogonal relative to the heater element 134 and/or the expansion chamber 142.

In certain examples the inlet segment 152 defines an inlet segment flow area 156 that is smaller than expansion chamber flow area 150. Sizing the inlet segment flow area 156 such that it is smaller than the expansion chamber flow area 150 causes flow velocity of air traversing the inlet segment 152 to decrease upon entry to the second end 148 of the expansion chamber 142. This also causes entrained ice to separate from the air within the second end 148 of the expansion chamber 142, the entrained ice collecting at the second end 148 of the expansion chamber 142 reducing (or eliminating entirely) that the entrained ice interrupts and induces anomalies into the pressure signal 34 (shown in FIG. 1) generated by the pressure transducer 32 (shown in FIG. 1).

With reference to FIGS. 5, 8 and 9, it is contemplated that the pressure and temperature sensor 100 includes a temperature probe 158. As shown in FIG. 5, the airfoil body 104 defines a temperature probe seat 160 chordwise between the expansion chamber 142 and the trailing edge 118 of the airfoil body 104. The temperature probe seat 160 extends axially between the mount 102 and a temperature sense chamber 162 such that a tip portion of the temperature probe 158 is arranged within the temperature sense chamber 162. A temperature probe lead 164 (shown in FIG. 4) electrically connects the temperature probe 158 to the electrical connector 108 and therethrough with the temperature transducer 36 (shown in FIG. 1).

As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, the temperature sense chamber 162 is in fluid communication with the external environment 26 (shown in FIG. 1) through a first face aperture 166, a second face aperture 168, and a tip surface aperture 170. The first face aperture 166 extends through the first face 120 of the airfoil body 104 and fluidly couples the temperature sense chamber 162 to the external environment 26 through the first face aperture 166. The second face aperture 168 extends through the second face 122 and fluidly couples the temperature sense chamber 162 to the external environment 26 through the second face aperture 168. The tip surface aperture 170 extends through the tip surface 124 and fluidly couples the temperature sense chamber 162 through the tip surface aperture 170.

With continuing reference to FIG. 5, the airfoil body 104 defines within its interior an insulating cavity 172. The insulating cavity 172 is defined chordwise between the temperature probe seat 160 and the expansion chamber 142. The insulating cavity 172 also extends axially between the tip surface 124 and the mount 102 to provide a thermal break between the temperature probe seat 160 and the heater element seat 128 to limit (or eliminate entirely) thermal communication between the heater element 134 (show in FIG. 7) and the temperature probe 158. The insulating cavity 172 has an insulating cavity inlet 174, an insulating cavity inlet channel 176, and an insulating cavity tip chamber 178. The insulating cavity 172 also has an insulating cavity interconnect channel 180, an insulating cavity base chamber 182, a first face outlet vent 184 (shown in FIG. 8), and a second face outlet vent 186.

The insulating cavity inlet 174 is defined chordwise between the tip surface aperture 170 and the leading edge 116 of the airfoil body 104. The insulating cavity inlet channel 176 is in fluid communication with the external environment 26 (shown in FIG. 1) through the insulating cavity inlet 174 and extends from the tip surface 124 to the insulating cavity tip chamber 178. The insulating cavity tip chamber 178 defines a volume within the airfoil body 104 extending forward from the temperature sense chamber 162 and toward the leading edge 116 of the airfoil body 104. It is contemplated that the insulating cavity tip chamber 178 axially separate the tip surface 124 of the airfoil body 104 from the second end 148 of the expansion chamber 142.

The insulating cavity interconnect channel 180 is in fluid communication with the insulating cavity tip chamber 178, is defined chordwise within the airfoil body 104 between the temperature sense chamber 162 and the expansion chamber 142, and extends axially within the airfoil body 104 toward the mount 102. The insulating cavity base chamber 182 is in fluid communication with the insulating cavity interconnect channel 180, is defined chordwise between the temperature probe seat 160 and the expansion chamber 142, and extends axially upwards through the airfoil body 104 toward the mount 102. It is contemplated that the insulating cavity base chamber 182 extend upwards to a location between first face outlet vent 184 and the mount 102.

The first face outlet vent 184 extends through the first face 120 of the airfoil body 104 and fluidly connects the insulating cavity base chamber 182 to the external environment 26 (shown in FIG. 1). The second face outlet vent 186 extends through the second face 122, is laterally opposite the first face outlet vent 184 such that the second face outlet vent 186 is in registration with the first face outlet vent 184, and fluidly connects the insulating cavity base chamber 182 of the insulating cavity 172 to the external environment 26. In certain examples the first face outlet vent 184 is a first face outlet vent 184 axially stacked with a first face second outlet vent 188 also fluidly connecting the insulating cavity base chamber 182 of the insulating cavity 172 to the external environment 26. In accordance with certain examples the second face outlet vent 186 is a second face first outlet vent 186 axially stacked with a second face second outlet vent 190 also fluidly connecting the insulating cavity base chamber 182 to the external environment 26.

With reference to FIGS. 10-17, examples of the pressure and temperature sensor 100 including an ice accretion feature 192 are shown. As shown in FIG. 10, the airfoil body 104 has an ice accretion feature 192. The ice accretion feature 192 extends from the tip surface 124 in a direction opposite the mount 102 and is defined chordwise at the leading edge 116 of the airfoil body 104. More specifically, the ice accretion feature 192 extends from the tip surface 124 at a location chordwise forward of the insulating cavity inlet 174 of the insulating cavity 172 adjacent the heated portion 138 (shown in FIG. 5) of the airfoil body 104. Relative to the inlet 22 (shown in FIG. 1) of the compressor section 14 (shown in FIG. 1) of the gas turbine engine 12 (shown in FIG. 1), the ice accretion feature 192 extends downward relative to gravity when the aircraft 10 (shown in FIG. 1) is in straight and level flight.

As shown in FIGS. 12-15, during operation in icing conditions ambient air containing super-cooled moisture, e.g., the ambient air flow 24, flows across the tip surface 124 of the airfoil body 104. As shown in FIG. 12, ice accretion typically begins at an initiation location 194 chordwise along the airfoil body 104 between the trailing edge 118 and the leading edge 116 of the airfoil body 104. The initiation location 194 is generally located at the trailing edge of the tip surface aperture 170 due to the collection efficiency at that location. As shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, once initiated, entrained ice crystals and/or super-cooled moisture 40 accretes in a direction forward along the airfoil body 104 relative to the insulating cavity inlet 174 and toward the leading edge 116 of the airfoil body 104. Ice accretion generally continues until the mass of the ice formation is sufficiently large that the stress exerted on the ice formation causes the ice formation to fraction, the accretion resulting from entrained ice crystals and/or super-cooled moisture 40 thereafter separating from the airfoil body 104.

As shown in FIG. 15, when included on the airfoil body 104, the ice accretion feature 192 causes ice accretion to initiate at a location 197 proximate the leading edge 116 in relation to examples of the airfoil body 104 not having the ice accretion feature 192. Without being bound by a particular theory it is believed that air flowing across the ice accretion feature 192 creates a relatively high collection efficiency location. The higher collection efficiency created by the ice accretion feature 192 causes super-cooled moisture within the air flowing across the airfoil body 104 to preferentially accrete forward of the tip surface aperture 170 at a location between the insulating cavity inlet 174 and the leading edge 116 of the airfoil body 104. Preferentially accreting ice forward of the tip surface aperture 170 in turn reduces the collection efficiency at the tip surface aperture 170 and prolongs the time interval during which the tip surface aperture 170 remains ice-free during flight in icing conditions, limiting (or eliminating entirely) the tendency of accreted ice to accrete within the temperature sense chamber 162 where ice accretion could otherwise interrupt the ability of the temperature probe 158 to accurate measure temperature of the ambient air flow 24 (shown in FIG. 1).

As shown in FIG. 16, in certain examples the ice accretion feature 192 can define a fin body 195 having a fin body width 196 that is smaller than an airfoil width 101 of the airfoil body 104. As shown in FIG. 17, it is also contemplated that the ice accretion feature 192 can define a spherical body 198 having a spherical body width 103 that is greater the airfoil width 101 of the airfoil body 104. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art in view of the present disclosure, larger ice accretion features tend to reduce the collection efficiency at the tip surface aperture 170 as compared to ice accretion features having smaller widths. The spherical body 198 therefore produces smaller ice accretions at the tip surface aperture 170 than the fin body 195 when subjected to an otherwise identical set of icing conditions.

With reference to FIG. 18, a method 200 of making a sensor, e.g., the pressure and temperature sensor 100 (shown in FIG. 1), is shown. The method 200 includes forming an airfoil body defining a sensor axis and having a leading edge, a trailing edge, and defining therein an insulating cavity, e.g., the insulating cavity 172 (shown in FIG. 5), using an additive manufacturing technique, as shown with box 210. Examples of suitable additive manufacturing technique includes laser sintering and powder bed fusion techniques. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art in view of the present disclosure, additive manufacturing techniques allow the airfoil body to be made as a single monolithic structure with areas of the internal passages being larger than near where the passages pass through external surfaces of the airfoil body. This geometry effectively prevents molding of the body since core could not be pulled during the molding process to form larger area flow passages deeper within the body. It also contemplated that the airfoil body can be formed using a casting technique and/or subtractive technique and remain within the scope of the present disclosure.

As shown with box 212, it is contemplated that forming the airfoil body include defining a heater element seat, e.g. the heater element seat 128 (shown in FIG. 4), extending axially through the airfoil body (e.g., at a chordwise location) between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body. As shown with box 214, it is also contemplated that forming the airfoil body include defining a temperature probe seat, e.g., the temperature probe seat 160 (shown in FIG. 5), extending axially through the airfoil body between the heater element seat and the insulating cavity to thermally separate the heater element form the temperature probe. As shown with box 216, it is further contemplated that forming the airfoil body include defining the insulating cavity, e.g., the insulating cavity 172 (shown in FIG. 5), between the heater element seat and the temperature probe seat.

In certain examples forming the airfoil body includes defining a pressure channel, e.g., the pressure channel 130 (shown in FIG. 3), between the insulating cavity and the heater probe seat, as shown with box 218. In accordance with certain examples, forming the airfoil body can include forming an ice accretion feature, e.g., the ice accretion feature 192 (shown in FIG. 2), axially overlapping the heater element seat, as shown with box 220.

As shown with box 230, the method 200 also includes positioning a heater element, e.g., the heater element 134 (shown in FIG. 3), within the heater element seat. As shown with box 240, the method additionally includes positioning a temperature probe, e.g., the temperature probe 158 (shown in FIG. 5), within the temperature probe seat. It is also contemplated that, in accordance with certain examples, that the method 200 include fixing the airfoil body to a mount, e.g., the mount 102 (shown in FIG. 2), as shown with box 250.

With reference to FIG. 19, a method 300 of thermally separating a temperature probe and a heater element within a sensor, e.g., the pressure and temperature sensor 100 (shown in FIG. 1), is shown. The method 300 includes heating a leading edge of an airfoil body with a heater element, e.g., the leading edge 116 (shown in FIG. 2) of the airfoil body 104 (shown in FIG. 2) with the heater element 134 (shown in FIG. 3), as shown with box 310. The temperature probe is thermally separated from the heater element by flowing fluid from the external environment through an insulating cavity defined within the airfoil body between the heater element and the temperature probe, e.g., air traversing the ice accretion feature 192 (shown in FIG. 5) through the insulating cavity 172 (shown in FIG. 5), as shown with box 320. The method 300 additionally includes flowing further fluid, e.g., air from the external environment 26 (shown in FIG. 1) representative of temperature in the external environment, across the temperature probe, as shown with box 330. Temperature of the air then measured with the temperature probe, as shown with box 340.

Sensors can be used to measure pressure and temperature of air ingested by gas turbine engines. Such sensors can protrude into the airflow entering the compressor section of the gas turbine engine, or between the low-pressure and high-pressure segments of compressors, to provide pressure and temperature information. The pressure and temperature measurements can be employed, for example, for monitoring the operating conditions of the gas turbine engine as well as for controlling the gas turbine engine.

In some sensors ice and super-cooled moisture entrained within the airflow entering the sensor can interfere with the operation of the sensor. For example, ice crystals can be driven into passageways defined within such sensors. Once within the sensor passageways the ice crystals can interrupt operation of the sensor and/or cause the sensor to provide anomalous sensor measurements. Super-cooled moisture can also accrete on the exterior of such sensors, potentially blocking entrances and/or exits from the passageways defined within the sensor. Such ice accretions can also interrupt operation of the sensor and/or cause the sensor to provide anomalous sensor measurements. And while sensor heating can be employed to mitigate the effects of either (or both) entrained ice crystals and super-cooled moisture, heat from sensor heating can itself introduce error into measurements provided by certain sensors.

In examples described herein sensors have pressure channels therein with inlet segments in close proximity to a heater element. The close proximity of the inlet segment enables heat from the heater element to melt ice crystals entrained within air traversing the inlet segment of the pressure passage, limiting (or eliminating entirely) the probability of entrained ice crystals from interfering with operation of the sensor. In accordance with certain examples sensors described herein have pressure channels with expansion chambers. The expansion chambers slow velocity of air traversing the pressure channel, separating and impounding the entrained ice crystals such heat from the heater element can melt the ice. Impounding and/or melting the separated ice crystals limits (or eliminates entirely) the probability that the entrained ice crystals will interfere with operation of the sensor.

It is contemplated that sensors described herein include an insulating cavity. The insulating cavity is defined chordwise between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body at location between the heater element and a temperature probe seated in the airfoil body. So situated the insulating cavity limits (or prevents entirely) heat from the heater element reaching the temperature probe, the insulating cavity thereby reducing (or eliminating entirely) probability that heat from the heater element introduce error into temperature measurements acquired by the temperature probe.

It is also contemplated that, in accordance with certain examples, that the airfoil body have an ice accretion feature. The ice accretion feature is arranged such that ice accreted from super-cooled moisture traversing the airfoil body of the sensor preferentially accrete at a location chordwise forward inlets and/or vents defined within the airfoil body and in communication with the temperature probe and insulating cavity, respectively. This increases the time interval during exposure to icing conditions during which the sensor can reliably provide temperature data, limiting (or eliminating entirely) the probability of interruption and/or measurement anomalies due to ice accretion on the exterior of the sensor. Further examples of the ice accretion are arranged for shedding accreted ice relatively quickly and while the ice accretion is relatively small.

The term “about” is intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, element components, and/or groups thereof.

While the present disclosure has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment or embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this present disclosure, but that the present disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A sensor, comprising: an airfoil body defining a sensor axis and an insulating cavity, the airfoil body extending between a leading edge and a trailing edge of the airfoil body; a heater element extending axially within the airfoil body, the heater element positioned between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body; and a temperature probe extending axially within the airfoil body and positioned between the heater element and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, wherein the temperature probe is separated from the heater element by the insulating cavity to limit thermal communication between the temperature probe and the heater element.
 2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the airfoil body has a tip surface extending to the trailing edge of the airfoil body.
 3. The sensor of claim 2, wherein the tip surface of the airfoil body defines an insulating cavity inlet that is fluidly coupled to the insulating cavity.
 4. The sensor of claim 2, wherein the airfoil body has a first face extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, the first face defining a first face first outlet vent, wherein the first face first outlet vent is fluidly coupled to the insulating cavity.
 5. The sensor of claim 2, wherein the airfoil body has a second face extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, the second face defining a second face first outlet vent, wherein the second face first outlet vent is fluidly coupled to the insulating cavity.
 6. The sensor of claim 2, wherein the airfoil body has an ice accretion feature extending between the tip surface and the leading edge of the air foil body, the ice accretion feature axially overlapping the leading edge of the airfoil body.
 7. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the airfoil body defines a temperature sense chamber between the insulating cavity and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, wherein the temperature probe extends into the temperature sense chamber.
 8. The sensor of claim 7, wherein the airfoil body has a tip surface extending to the trailing edge of the airfoil body, the tip surface defining tip surface aperture, and wherein the tip surface aperture is fluidly coupled to the temperature sense chamber.
 9. The sensor of claim 7, wherein the airfoil body has a first face extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, the first face defining a first face aperture, wherein the temperature sense chamber is fluidly coupled to the external environment through the first face aperture.
 10. The sensor of claim 7, wherein the airfoil body has a second face extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, the second face defining a second face aperture, wherein the temperature sense chamber is fluidly coupled to the external environment through the second face aperture.
 11. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the airfoil body has a tip surface defining therein a scoop feature, the scoop feature axially overlaying the temperature probe and the insulating cavity.
 12. The sensor of claim 11, wherein the airfoil body has an ice accretion feature arranged between the scoop feature and the leading edge of the airfoil body.
 13. The sensor of claim 11, wherein the scoop feature terminates at a tip surface aperture, wherein the tip surface aperture fluidly couples the scoop feature to the temperature probe.
 14. The sensor of claim 11, wherein the scoop feature spans an insulating cavity inlet defined by the tip surface of the airfoil body, and wherein the insulating cavity inlet fluidly couples the scoop feature to the insulating cavity.
 15. A gas turbine engine, comprising: a compressor section with a compressor inlet; a combustor section in fluid communication with the compressor section; a turbine section in fluid communication with the combustor section; and a sensor as recited in claim 1, wherein the sensor is a P2T2 sensor supported within the compressor inlet of the gas turbine engine.
 16. The gas turbine engine of claim 15, wherein the airfoil body has a tip surface extending to the trailing edge of the airfoil body; and wherein the airfoil body defines a temperature sense chamber between the insulating cavity and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, wherein the temperature probe extends into the temperature sense chamber.
 17. The gas turbine engine of claim 15, wherein the airfoil body defines a temperature sense chamber between the insulating cavity and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, wherein the temperature probe extends into the temperature sense chamber; and wherein the airfoil body has a tip surface defining therein a scoop feature, the scoop feature axially overlaying the temperature probe and the insulating cavity.
 18. The gas turbine engine of claim 15, wherein the airfoil body has a tip surface defining therein a scoop feature, the scoop feature axially overlaying the temperature probe and the insulating cavity; and wherein the tip surface extends to the trailing edge of the airfoil body.
 19. A method of making a sensor, comprising: forming an airfoil body defining a sensor axis and an insulating cavity, the airfoil body extending between a leading edge and a trailing edge of the airfoil body, using an additive manufacturing technique; wherein forming the airfoil with the additive manufacturing technique includes defining a heater element seat extending axially through the airfoil body between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body; wherein forming the airfoil body with the additive manufacturing technique includes defining a temperature probe seat extending axially through the airfoil body between the insulating cavity and the trailing edge of the airfoil body; wherein forming the airfoil with the additive manufacturing technique includes defining the insulating cavity between the heater element seat and the temperature probe seat; positioning a heater element within the heater element seat; and positioning a temperature probe within the temperature probe seat.
 20. A method thermally separating a temperature probe from a heater element, comprising: at a sensor including an airfoil body defining a sensor axis, an insulating cavity, and extending between a leading edge and a trailing edge of the airfoil body; a heater element extending axially within the airfoil body and positioned between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil body; and a temperature probe extending axially within the airfoil body and positioned between the heater element and the trailing edge of the airfoil body, the temperature probe separated from the heater element by the insulating cavity, heating the leading edge of the airfoil body with the heater element; thermally separating the temperature probe from the heater element by flowing fluid from the environment external to the sensor through the insulating cavity; flowing further fluid from the environment external to the sensor across the temperature probe; and measuring temperature of the fluid flowing across the temperature probe with the temperature probe. 